问号屋：如何构建地区刑事执法变量？

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文献来源 data on the criminal sanctions are taken from the PKULAW database (北大法宝) maintained by Peking University. PKULAW is a comprehensive lawsuit database that provides the full text of court decisions from criminal and civil cases in China. We collect first-instance verdicts of all criminal cases of environmental crimes from 2012 to 2019 in China, and then aggregate to the prefecture level to match the environmental performance data. [In this study, we do not use second-instance verdicts to construct criminal enforcement variables to avoid double counting.] We start our sample period from 2012 because the Eighth Amendment to the Criminal Law was effective in May 2011. Before that, criminal sanctions were rarely imposed. 司法案例数据库-刑事案件_民事案件_裁判文书查询-北大法宝V6官网 (pkulaw.com) Liu, X., et al. (2024). Criminal enforcement and environmental performance: Evidence from China. Ecological Economics. （完） ………………………………